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Nitrous oxide

See also: Recreational use of nitrous oxide
"N2O" redirects here. For other uses, see Nitrous oxide (disambiguation) and N2O (disambiguation).
"Laughing gas" redirects here. For other uses, see Laughing gas (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO
2), or generic nitrogen oxide pollutants NOx.

Nitrous oxide
Nitrous oxide's canonical forms
Ball-and-stick model with bond lengths
Space-filling model of nitrous oxide
Names
IUPAC names
Nitrous oxide[1] (not recommended)
Dinitrogen oxide[2] (alternative name)
Systematic IUPAC name
Oxodiazen-2-ium-1-ide
Other names
  • Laughing gas
  • sweet air
  • nitrous
  • nos
  • protoxide of nitrogen
  • hyponitrous oxide
  • dinitrogen oxide
  • dinitrogen monoxide
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
8137358
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
DrugBank
ECHA InfoCard 100.030.017 Edit this at Wikidata
E number E942 (glazing agents, ...)
2153410
KEGG
RTECS number
  • QX1350000
UNII
UN number 1070 (compressed)
2201 (liquid)
  • InChI=1S/N2O/c1-2-3 checkY
    Key: GQPLMRYTRLFLPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  • InChI=1/N2O/c1-2-3
  • InChI=1/N2O/c1-2-3
    Key: GQPLMRYTRLFLPF-UHFFFAOYAP
  • N#[N+][O-]
  • [N-]=[N+]=O
Properties
N
2O
Molar mass 44.013 g/mol
Appearance colourless gas
Density 1.977 g/L (gas)
Melting point −90.86 °C (−131.55 °F; 182.29 K)
Boiling point −88.48 °C (−127.26 °F; 184.67 K)
1.5 g/L (15 °C)
Solubility soluble in alcohol, ether, sulfuric acid
log P 0.35
Vapor pressure 5150 kPa (20 °C)
−18.9·10−6 cm3/mol
1.000516 (0 °C, 101.325 kPa)
Viscosity 14.90 μPa·s[3]
Structure
linear, C∞v
0.166 D
Thermochemistry
219.96 J/(K·mol)
+82.05 kJ/mol
Pharmacology
N01AX13 (WHO)
Inhalation
Pharmacokinetics:
0.004%
5 minutes
Respiratory
Hazards
GHS labelling:
GHS04: Compressed Gas GHS03: Oxidizing
Danger
H270, H280, H281
P220, P244, P282, P317, P336, P370+P376, P403, P410+P403
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704 four-colored diamondHealth 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroformFlammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. waterInstability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogenSpecial hazard OX: Oxidizer. E.g. potassium perchlorate
2
0
0
OX
Flash point Nonflammable
Safety data sheet (SDS) Ilo.org, ICSC 0067
Related compounds
Nitric oxide
Dinitrogen trioxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Dinitrogen tetroxide
Dinitrogen pentoxide
Related compounds
 Ammonium nitrate
Azide
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☒N verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

Nitrous oxide (dinitrogen oxide or dinitrogen monoxide), commonly known as laughing gas, nitrous, nitro, or nos,[4] is a chemical compound, an oxide of nitrogen with the formula N
2O. At room temperature, it is a colourless non-flammable gas, and has a slightly sweet scent and taste.[5] At elevated temperatures, nitrous oxide is a powerful oxidiser similar to molecular oxygen.

Nitrous oxide has significant medical uses, especially in surgery and dentistry, for its anaesthetic and pain-reducing effects.[6] Its colloquial name, "laughing gas", coined by Humphry Davy, is due to the euphoric effects upon inhaling it, a property that has led to its recreational use as a dissociative anaesthetic.[6] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[7] It is also used as an oxidiser in rocket propellants, and in motor racing to increase the power output of engines.

Nitrous oxide's atmospheric concentration reached 333 parts per billion (ppb) in 2020, increasing at a rate of about 1 ppb annually.[8][9] It is a major scavenger of stratospheric ozone, with an impact comparable to that of CFCs.[10] About 40% of human-caused emissions are from agriculture.[11][12] Nitrogen is added to the soil via animal urine and dung, and synthetic fertilisers: micro-organisms then release it in nitrous oxide.[13] Being the third most important greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide substantially contributes to global warming.[14][15] Reduction of emissions is a popular topic in the politics of climate change.[16]

Nitrous oxide is used as a propellant, and has a variety of applications from rocketry to making whipped cream. It is used as a recreational drug for its potential to induce a brief "high". Most recreational users are unaware of its neurotoxic effects when abused. When used chronically, nitrous oxide has the potential to cause neurological damage through inactivation of vitamin B12.

  1. ^ "[Nitrous oxide]". Degruyter.com. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
  2. ^ IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry 2005. PDF, p. 317.
  3. ^ Takahashi M, Shibasaki-Kitakawa N, Yokoyama C, Takahashi S (1996). "Viscosity of Gaseous Nitrous Oxide from 298.15 K to 398.15 K at Pressures up to 25 MPa". Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 41 (6): 1495–1498. doi:10.1021/je960060d. ISSN 0021-9568.
  4. ^ Tarendash AS (2001). Let's review: chemistry, the physical setting (3rd ed.). Barron's Educational Series. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-7641-1664-3.
  5. ^ PubChem. "Nitrous oxide". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
  6. ^ a b Quax ML, Van Der Steenhoven TJ, Bronkhorst MW, Emmink BL (July 2020). "Frostbite injury: An unknown risk when using nitrous oxide as a party drug". Acta Chirurgica Belgica. 120 (1–4). Taylor & Francis on behalf of the Royal Belgian Society for Surgery: 140–143. doi:10.1080/00015458.2020.1782160. ISSN 0001-5458. PMID 32543291. S2CID 219702849.
  7. ^ Organization WH (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771.
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference agage was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference noaaesrl was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference sciozo was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ Tian H, Xu R, Canadell JG, Thompson RL, Winiwarter W, Suntharalingam P, et al. (October 2020). "A comprehensive quantification of global nitrous oxide sources and sinks". Nature. 586 (7828): 248–256. Bibcode:2020Natur.586..248T. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2780-0. hdl:1871.1/c74d4b68-ecf4-4c6d-890d-a1d0aaef01c9. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 33028999. S2CID 222217027. Archived from the original on 3 December 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  12. ^ Thompson, R. L., Lassaletta, L., Patra, P. K. (2019). "Acceleration of global N2O emissions seen from two decades of atmospheric inversion". Nat. Clim. Change. 9 (12): 993–998. Bibcode:2019NatCC...9..993T. doi:10.1038/s41558-019-0613-7. hdl:11250/2646484. S2CID 208302708.
  13. ^ "Reduce nitrous oxide emissions". Ag Matters. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
  14. ^ "Chapter 8". AR5 Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. pp. 677–678.
  15. ^ "Nitrous oxide emissions pose an increasing climate threat, study finds". phys.org. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
  16. ^ Mundschenk S (3 August 2022). "The Netherlands is showing how not to tackle climate change | The Spectator". www.spectator.co.uk. Retrieved 28 August 2022.

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